Wearable cardiac defibrillation system with flexible electrodes

ABSTRACT

In embodiments, a wearable cardiac defibrillation (WCD) system includes one or more flexible ECG electrodes. The WCD system may have a support structure that is dimensioned to be worn so as to press the electrodes towards the body of the patient. The electrodes may be made from appropriate material so as to flex in order to match a contour of the body of the patient. An advantage over the prior art is that the flexible electrode may make better electrical contact with the patient&#39;s skin, and therefore provide a better ECG signal for the WCD system to perform its diagnosis.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

This patent application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/072,818, filed on Oct. 30, 2014, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

When people suffer from some types of heart arrhythmias, the result may be that blood flow to various parts of the body is reduced. Some arrhythmias may even result in a Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA). SCA can lead to death very quickly, e.g. within 10 minutes, unless treated in the interim.

Some people have an increased risk of SCA. People at a higher risk include individuals who have had a heart attack, or a prior SCA episode. A frequent recommendation is for these people to receive an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (“ICD”). The ICD is surgically implanted in the chest, and continuously monitors the person's electrocardiogram (“ECG”). If certain types of heart arrhythmias are detected, then the ICD delivers an electric shock through the heart.

After being identified as having an increased risk of an SCA, and before receiving an ICD, these people are sometimes given a Wearable Cardiac Defibrillator (“WCD”) system. A WCD system typically includes a harness, vest, or other garment that is configured to be worn by the patient. The WCD system includes a defibrillator and external electrodes, which are attached to the inside of the harness, vest, or other garment. When the patient wears the WCD system, the external electrodes can help monitor the patient's ECG. If a shockable heart arrhythmia is detected, then the defibrillator of the WCD system delivers the appropriate electric shock through the patient's body, and thus through the heart.

A challenge in the prior art remains with the monitoring electrodes. Electrodes may need to make good electrical contact with the patient's skin, without being intrusive or irritating the skin.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The present description gives instances of Wearable Cardiac Defibrillator (WCD) systems and electrode components for such systems, the use of which may help overcome problems and limitations of the prior art.

In embodiments, a wearable cardiac defibrillation (WCD) system includes one or more flexible ECG electrodes. The WCD system may have a support structure that is dimensioned to be worn so as to press the electrodes towards the body of the patient. The electrodes may be made from appropriate material so as to flex in order to match a contour of the body of the patient. An advantage over the prior art is that the flexible electrode may make better electrical contact with the patient's skin, and therefore provide a better ECG signal for the WCD system to perform its diagnosis.

In embodiments, a wearable cardiac defibrillation (WCD) system includes one or more electrode assemblies. The WCD system may have a support structure that is dimensioned to be worn so as to press the electrode assembly towards the body of the patient. The electrode assembly may have an electrode, and a signal terminal electrically coupled to the electrode. The electrode assembly may have a compressible pillow structure. The electrode assembly may have a moisture barrier so as to trap moisture from the patient's skin, for better conduction and lateral shifting of the electrode along the patient's skin. The electrode assembly may have an electrostatic shield between the electrode and the signal terminal so as to shield the electrode from electrical noise.

Embodiments may result in garments that integrate the disclosed electrode, and which can be washed with normal household methods. This allows for simple cleaning of lotions or patient's sweat from the electrodes, which may improve patient hygiene and reduce the chance of skin infections. All of this will add to the patient's overall comfort with the garment, and thus enhance their compliance with wearing the garment.

These and other features and advantages of this description will become more readily apparent from the Detailed Description, which proceeds with reference to the associated drawings in which:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of sample components of a Wearable Cardiac Defibrillator (WCD) system according to embodiments.

FIG. 2A is a diagram of a detail of a flexible electrode of FIG. 1 that is made according to embodiments, and is applied to a patient's body under pressure.

FIG. 2B is a diagram of a detail of the electrode of FIG. 2A, as it is deposited on a flat level surface.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of sample components of a WCD system according to embodiments.

FIG. 4A is a diagram of some components of an electrode assembly of FIG. 1 that includes a pillow structure made according to embodiments and is applied to a patient's body under pressure.

FIG. 4B is a diagram of a detail of the pillow structure of the electrode assembly of FIG. 4A, as it is deposited on a flat surface.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of sample components of an electrode assembly, which is made according to embodiments that include a flexible inner conductor.

FIG. 6A is a diagram of sample components of an electrode assembly, which is made according to embodiments that include a flexible inner conductor which has a fabric that is coated with a metal.

FIG. 6B is a top view of a flexible inner conductor of FIG. 6A according to an embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a diagram of sample components of an electrode assembly, which is made according to embodiments that include a moisture barrier.

FIG. 8 is a diagram of sample components of an electrode assembly, which is made according to embodiments that include an electrostatic shield.

FIG. 9 is a diagram of sample components of an electrode assembly, which is made according to embodiments that include a cover.

FIG. 10 is a diagram of a sample electrode assembly according to an embodiment.

FIG. 11A is a diagram of sample components of an electrode assembly, which is made according to embodiments that include a moisture barrier.

FIG. 11B is a top view of a main surface of an electrode that may be used in the assembly of FIG. 11A according to an embodiment.

FIG. 12 is a diagram of sample components of an electrode assembly, which is made according to embodiments that include an electrostatic shield.

FIG. 13 is a diagram of sample components of an electrode assembly, which is made according to embodiments that include a cover.

FIG. 14 is a diagram of sample components of an electrode assembly, made according to embodiments that include an electrostatic shield.

FIG. 15 is a diagram of sample components of an electrode assembly, made according to embodiments that include an electrostatic shield and a corresponding reference terminal.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As has been mentioned, the present description is about Wearable Cardiac Defibrillator (WCD) systems and electrode components for such systems. Embodiments are now described in more detail.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of sample components 100 of a WCD system according to embodiments. Components 100 are intended to be worn by a patient 182, typically according to specific instructions. Only a section of the body of patient 182 is shown, which can be the torso, or other bodily part.

Components 100 of a WCD system are now described in more detail. Components 100 include a support structure 110, which is shown partly abstractly in FIG. 1. Support structure 110 can be configured to be worn by patient 182, typically according to a design. Support structure 110 can thus be part of a belt, a harness, a garment, a holster, and so on. In some embodiments, the wearable medical system includes a single support structure 110. In other embodiments, more support structures may be included.

Support structure 110 can be dimensioned relative to the body of patient 182 to be worn with internal tension 112. This dimensioning may be accomplished by, for example, making a portion be of adjustable length. In other words, in some embodiments at some times support structure 110 does not fit patient 182 everywhere loosely, but is worn with non-zero internal tension 112. Tension 112 is tension of non-zero magnitude that is internal to support structure 110, and which can cause pressure 114 to be exerted onto the body of patient 182 when support structure 110 is worn. Pressure 114 may squeeze the body of patient 182, preferably only gently. Internal tension 112, and its resulting pressure 114, may ensure that any electrodes of the WCD system make good electrical contact with the body of patient 182. Accordingly, support structure 110 can be a continuous band, or have clasps (not shown) that lock together, etc.

Components 100 also include an electronics module 140. Electronics module 140 can be a part of a wearable medical system that performs any one or more of the following functions: monitor physiological signals of patient 182, make determinations from these signals, communicate with the patient or with entities remote from the patient, store electrical energy for defibrillation, defibrillate, and so on.

Electronics module 140 can be configured to be coupled to support structure 110. Coupling can be permanent, such as attaching. In some embodiments, however, electronics module 140 can be coupled to and uncoupled from support structure 110, by the manufacturer, by patient 182, and so on. For example, electronics module 140 can be thus coupled by being inserted in a special pocket 111, and so on.

Components 100 additionally include an electrode 159, which can be an ECG electrode. Electrode 159 can be stand-alone, or it may be attached to an additional component 149 of an electrode assembly. Electrode assemblies are described in more detail later in this document, and may have even more components. While only one electrode 159 is shown, of course more may be used.

Whether part of an electrode assembly or not, electrode 159 can be configured to be coupled to support structure 110, so that electrode 159 remains pressed against the body of patient 182 due to nonzero pressure 114, when support structure 110 is worn by patient 182 as designed. As will be seen, a number of configurations of components 100 may accomplish this. For example, electrode 159 could be physically attached to support structure 110, for example by being constructed permanently into it, be received into a suitable pocket 115, etc. Moreover, electrode 159 could be coupled to support structure 110 but not be permanently physically attached to it. Electrode 159 can be coupled to the skin of patient 182 by contacting the skin directly, or indirectly over clothing, depending on whether the electrode is dry or not, etc. Even when physically coupled to the skin over clothing, some electrodes can achieve electrical coupling with the patient's skin through the clothing.

Electrode 159 is of course conductive. This is written explicitly in this document, because electrode 159 can be made according to embodiments from materials that are unusual for electrodes.

Electrode 159 may also be flexible. For example, it may bend under pressure 114. As can be seen in FIG. 2A, electrode 159 is flexible enough so as to acquire a first shape due being subjected to nonzero pressure 114 when support structure 110 is worn by patient 182. The first shape of FIG. 2A is bent, as flexible electrode 159 follows a curved contour of the body of patient 182. In FIG. 2A, support structure 110 is shown even more abstractly than in FIG. 1. Due to the flexibility, electrodes according to embodiments can be integrated into a support structure in such a way as to have fairly even pressure across the complete electrode thereby reducing any perceived “pressure points” by the patient, and thus be more comfortable and increase patient compliance.

In addition, as can be seen in FIG. 2B, electrode 159 is flexible enough so as to acquire a second shape, if electrode 159 alone is deposited on a flat level surface 291 without being subjected to an external pressure. The second shape is flat, which is different from the first shape of FIG. 2A. Of course, to replicate the exact situation of FIG. 2B electrode 159 may have to be separated from any electrode assembly. The ability to acquire the second shape so as to demonstrate the flexibility can sometimes be confirmed even without such a separation.

The flexibility of electrode 159 can be such that it transitions from the first shape to the second shape and vice versa immediately, or after some time. This time is preferably less than 1 hour, and preferably less than 10 min. Accordingly, hard materials like large pieces of metal may not serve well.

The views of FIGS. 1, 2A, 2B are side views of electrode 159. Electrode 159 may have a main surface, for example as shown in electrode 1159 in FIG. 11B. The main surface of electrode 1159 is shown as rectangular, but it can be circular, oval, or of other shapes. The main surface may have a surface area of, say, 1 cm² to several cm².

In some embodiments, electrode 159 may be 2 cm on the side. The amount of curvature shown in FIG. 2A may be larger than is the case for typical locations of the body of patient 182, but the exaggeration in curvature is used in FIG. 2A to demonstrate the flexibility of electrode 159.

The views of electrode 159 in FIGS. 1, 2A, 2B show its thickness, because they are side views. This thickness can be the height of protruding above the level of surface 291 in FIG. 2B. In embodiments, electrode 159 is further thin, which means it has a small thickness. The thickness, then, can be measured in a direction perpendicular to the main surface. For example, electrode 159 may have an average thickness of less than 4 mm, less than 2 mm, or even less than 1 mm, for example 0.5 mm.

Electrode 159 may be made in a number of ways. For example, it can include a metal foil, such as aluminum or copper foil. Such a foil could be attached to a side of a piece of foam. Alternately, electrode 159 can include a material that includes polyurethane, or conductive polyurethane that contains one of carbon, carbon nanotubes, particles of a metal, and metal nanoparticles. Alternately, electrode 159 can include silicone, a conductive silicone rubber, and so on. The conductive silicone rubber may be enriched with conductive elements such as carbon, carbon nanotubes, particles of a metal, metal nanoparticles, and so on. Electrode 159 may also include a material that includes polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) silicone rubber, perhaps enriched with conductive elements such as mentioned above. Electrodes formed from silicone rubber with added conductive fillers can be more resistive than capacitive in nature. This resistive component allows for various features to be added that cannot be implemented with capacitive electrodes. First, the amplifier can generate a dc coupled driven lead which is used to reduce common mode on the patient. This is often referred to as a Right Leg Drive though the electrode can be placed in various places. Some capacitive electrodes cannot be used for driven leads at frequencies that compensate for patient movement and power line interference. Using electrodes made from a silicone rubber greatly increases signal quality using driven leads. The resistive component also allows the use of a “dc leads off” method for detecting when an electrode is not in good contact with the patient. This is both a simpler and more robust leads off method than the “ac leads off” required by capacitive electrodes. Embodiments of a silicone electrode can thus be made without any electronics supporting the electrode itself. In addition, electrodes thus formed from silicone rubber might not be affected much by commonly available lotions, and so the patient is free to use these both for general use or to minimize any effects of using the electrodes if the patient has very sensitive skin.

In choosing a material, care should be taken so that the material contacting the patient is biocompatible with the skin of the patient. Accordingly, if electrode 159 is worn over a garment, the material may not matter very much. If, however, electrode 159 is configured to contact the skin directly so it can make ohmic contact with it, then a material like aluminum may not be preferred. Ohmic contact makes for excellent signal quality. The electrode could be made capacitive, if need be.

Returning to FIG. 1, components 100 may include a signal conductor 171. Signal conductor 171 can be configured to couple electronically electronics module 140 and electrode 159 when electronics module 140 is coupled to support structure 110 and support structure 110 is worn by patient 182 as per the instructions for use. Signal conductor 171 may include a wire, a cable and so on. It may be integrated with support structure 110 at least in part, for example retained by special loops of it, suitable pockets of it, etc. Standard ECG cabling techniques can be used even with the silicone electrodes, because they generate a signal similar to that generated by a standard adhesive electrode.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of sample components 300 of a WCD system according to embodiments. Components 300 include an electronics module 340 that can be made as electronics module 140, and a support structure 310 that can be made as described for support structure 110, adapted for differences. Support structure 310 may include a suitable pocket 311 for electronics module 340, and can be configured to be worn by a patient 382. Support structure 310 can be dimensioned relative to a body of patient 382 to be so worn with nonzero internal tension 312, which causes nonzero pressure 314 to be exerted onto the body.

Components 300 additionally include an electrode assembly 350. Electrode assembly 350 can be configured to be coupled to support structure 310 so that electrode assembly 350 remains pressed against the body of patient 382 due to nonzero pressure 314, when support structure 310 is worn by patient 382. A number of configurations of components 300 may accomplish this. For example, electrode assembly 350 could be physically attached to support structure 310, for example by being constructed permanently into it, be received into a suitable pocket 315, etc. Moreover, electrode assembly 350 could be coupled to support structure 310 but not be permanently physically attached to it.

Electrode assembly 350 can be constructed in many different ways. It can have components selected from many possible components. Examples are now described.

Referring to FIG. 4A, some components 450 are shown according to embodiments, which can be the components of electrode assembly 350. Components 450 include an electrode 459, which can be an ECG electrode. Electrode 459 can be made in any way known in the art, including ways described earlier in this document for flexible electrode 159.

Components 450 additionally include a signal terminal 451. In embodiments where electrode assembly 350 is removable from support structure 310, signal terminal 451 can advantageously be part of an electro-mechanical connector. An electro-mechanical connector can be implemented in many ways according to embodiments as is known in the art, for example with connector components that make a mechanical connection, and also complete an electrical connection upon making a mechanical connection. These electro-mechanical connectors include elements such as hooks, buttons, etc. Another example of an electro-mechanical connector is a snap mechanical contact, which is also known as a snap fastener. This snap mechanical contact may match matingly with another snap mechanical contact of support structure 310 for coupling and uncoupling. For example, one can be male and the other can be female.

Signal terminal 451 can be electrically coupled to electrode 459, which is a feature not shown in FIG. 4A but is described later in this document. This coupling should be made with a view to accommodating what is physically between signal terminal 451 and electrode 459 in each embodiment.

Returning to FIG. 3, components 300 may include a signal conductor 371. Signal conductor 371 can be configured to couple electronically electronics module 340 and signal terminal 451 when electronics module 340 is coupled to support structure 310 and support structure 310 is worn by patient 382. Signal conductor 371 may include a wire, a cable and so on, and may be integrated with support structure 310 as described for signal conductor 171. Signal conductor 371 may have a first end and a second end, to accomplish the coupling. For example, the first end of signal conductor 371 may terminate in a first electro-mechanical connector that is on support structure 310, and the signal terminal of an electrode assembly that is electrically coupled to the electrode can be part of a second electro-mechanical connector that can match matingly the first electro-mechanical connector. The first electro-mechanical connector and the second electro-mechanical connector can be made as mentioned above, for example they can include snap mechanical contacts, etc.

Returning to FIG. 4A, components 450 additionally include a pillow structure 456. Pillow structure 456 can be between electrode 459 and signal terminal 451.

Pillow structure 456 can be flexible, and pressure 314 can maintain good electrical contact. The reduced pressure can thus help improve patient compliance with wearing the WCD system. So, pillow structure 456 can be flexible enough so as to acquire a first shape due to the electrode assembly being subjected to nonzero pressure 314 when support structure 310 is worn. As seen in FIG. 4A, this first shape is somewhat flattened. As seen in FIG. 4B, pillow structure 456 can be flexible enough so as to acquire a second shape if pillow structure 456 alone is deposited on a flat level surface 491 without pillow structure 456 being subjected to an external pressure such as pressure 314. The second shape is different from the first shape, it is less flattened. In this case, the first shape is a squeezed version of the second shape. Of course, to replicate the exact situation of FIG. 4B, pillow structure 456 may have to be separated from the remainder of the electrode assembly. The ability to acquire the second shape as to demonstrate the flexibility can sometimes be confirmed even without such a separation.

Pillow structure 456 may be made in a number of ways. For example, it can include a piece of an open-celled foam, or a pouch filled with a fluid, such as air, a liquid, etc. Foam works well when it is resilient enough, since it is a single material. In some embodiments, the pillow structure includes a pouch that has a spring.

As mentioned above, an electrode assembly according to embodiments may further include a flexible inner conductor. The signal terminal can be electrically coupled to the electrode via the flexible inner conductor. For example, the flexible inner conductor can be electrically coupled to the signal terminal, to the electrode, or to both. The flexible inner conductor may flex when pillow structure 456 transitions from the first shape, e.g. of FIG. 4A, to the second shape, e.g. to that of FIG. 4B. Examples are now described.

Referring to FIG. 5, some components 550 are shown according to embodiments, which can be the components of electrode assembly 350. Components 550 include an electrode 559 that can be as described for electrode 459, a signal terminal 551 that can be as described for signal terminal 451, and a pillow structure 556 that can be as described for pillow structure 456.

Components 550 moreover include a flexible inner conductor 553, which is a wire. Flexible inner conductor 553 is electrically coupled to both signal terminal 551 and to electrode 559.

Referring to FIG. 6A, some components 650 are shown according to embodiments, which can be the components of electrode assembly 350. Components 650 include an electrode 659 that can be as described for electrode 459, a signal terminal 651 that can be as described for signal terminal 451, and a pillow structure 656 that can be as described for pillow structure 456.

Components 650 moreover include a flexible inner conductor 653, which includes a fabric. The fabric can operate as a flexible substrate, and be advantageously coated with a metal, such as silver. Flexible inner conductor 653 is electrically coupled directly to signal terminal 651, and indirectly to electrode 659. In particular, flexible inner conductor 653 is coupled to electrode 659 via a conductive adhesive 658. Alternately, a conductive double-sided pressure sensitive adhesive tape could be used, etc. Or, electrode 659 could also be intrinsically molded through or around the flexible conductor. Or, flexible inner conductor 653 can include a conductive fabric that is overmolded with the electrode.

Flexible inner conductor 653 can be planar. FIG. 6A shows only a side view of it. Referring to FIG. 6B, a top view of conductor 653 is shown, where the fabric substrate is laid flat on a surface and the metal coating is not differentiated. In this example, conductor 653 has a large portion 684 that is substantially coextensive with the main surface of electrode 659, and a small portion 683 that is large enough to make contact with signal terminal 651.

Referring to FIG. 7, some components 750 are shown according to embodiments, which can be the components of electrode assembly 350. Components 750 include an electrode 759 that can be as described for electrode 459, a signal terminal 751 that can be as described for signal terminal 451, and a pillow structure 756 that can be as described for pillow structure 456.

Components 750 moreover include a moisture barrier 757. Moisture barrier 757 is between electrode 759 and signal terminal 751. In this case where pillow structure 756 is provided, moisture barrier 757 is between electrode 759 and pillow structure 756.

In some embodiments, electrode 759 has a main surface that has holes. This feature is not shown in FIG. 7, but is shown in FIG. 11B.

Moisture barrier 757 of FIG. 7 is intended to not permit water vapor to escape from the patient's skin. The trapped water vapor improves conductivity of the electrode, and the quality of the detected signal.

Accordingly, moisture barrier 757 is made from a material that is substantially impermeable to water vapor so as to slow down the evaporation from the skin. This means that, if moisture barrier 757 is made from a material that has pores, these pores are not large enough to permit the skin to dry out in the usual conditions that the patient is expected to wear the WCD system. Candidates are any continuous-surface material, even metal foil or a continuously coated water-resistant fabric material, such as the material that is sometimes used to make raincoats. Other materials can be a thin polymer membrane, such as a urethane or silicone based material.

Referring to FIG. 8, some components 850 are shown according to embodiments, which can be the components of electrode assembly 350. Components 850 include an electrode 859 that can be as described for electrode 459, a signal terminal 851 that can be as described for signal terminal 451, and a pillow structure 856 that can be as described for pillow structure 456.

Components 850 moreover include an electrostatic shield 855. Electrostatic shield 855 is between signal terminal 851 and electrode 859. In this particular embodiment, electrostatic shield 855 is between signal terminal 851 and pillow structure 856. Electrostatic shield 855 is intended to shield electrode 859 from any signals that may be traveling along any other signal conductors of the WCD system, and which are physically close to the electrode assembly. Electrostatic shield 855 may shield electrode 859 from varying electric fields that are external to the patient. Such could be formed by clothing that has a static charge moving relative to electrode 859 or from another person who has a static charge moving in close proximity to the patient. There are other sources of varying electric fields as well.

Electrostatic shield 855 can be made in a number of ways. In embodiments, it can be made from a metal foil, such as copper. Electrostatic shield 855 is preferably protected from contacting the flexible conductor, and insulating is one way to do this. Accordingly, electrostatic shield 855 is sometimes a foil covered by an insulating tape.

Referring to FIG. 9, some components 950 are shown according to embodiments, which can be the components of electrode assembly 350. Components 950 include an electrode 959 that can be as described for electrode 459, a signal terminal 951 that can be as described for signal terminal 451, and a pillow structure 956 that can be as described for pillow structure 456.

Components 950 moreover include a cover 961. Cover 961 may surround pillow structure 956 at least in part. In some embodiments cover 961 is flexible, and flexes when pillow structure 956 transitions from the first shape to the second shape. Cover 961 may be made from any suitable material, such as fabric, plastic, etc.

In some embodiments, cover 961 surrounds pillow structure 956 completely. In other embodiments, the electrode assembly further includes a backing which, together with cover 961, completely surround pillow structure 956. An example is now described.

Referring to FIG. 10 an electrode assembly 1050 is shown, which is made according to an embodiment. Electrode assembly 1050 is a standalone electrode assembly. Whether standalone or not, electrode assembly 1050 can be used for electrode assembly 350.

Electrode assembly 1050 includes an electrode 1059 that can be as described for electrode 459, a signal terminal 1051 that can be as described for signal terminal 451, and a flexible inner conductor 1053 that can be as described for flexible inner conductor 653. In this particular example, signal terminal 1051 can be part of a snap mechanical contact. Flexible inner conductor 1053 is electrically coupled directly to signal terminal 1051, and indirectly to electrode 1059 via a conductive adhesive 1058.

Electrode assembly 1050 also includes a pillow structure 1056 that can be as described for pillow structure 456, a moisture barrier 1057 that can be as described for moisture barrier 757, and an electrostatic shield 1055 that can be as described for electrostatic shield 855.

Electrode assembly 1050 additionally includes a reference terminal 1052. Reference terminal 1052 is coupled to electrostatic shield 1055, and can serve as electrical ground. In this embodiment, reference terminal 1052 can be part of a snap mechanical contact, similarly with signal terminal 1051. In such embodiments, the WCD system may also include a reference conductor 372, which can be seen in FIG. 3. Reference conductor 372 can be configured to couple electronically electronics module 340 and reference terminal 1052, when electronics module 340 is coupled to support structure 310 and support structure 310 is worn by patient 382.

Electrode assembly 1050 moreover includes a backing 1054, on which signal terminal 1051 and reference terminal 1052 are provided. Backing 1054 can be made from a hard plastic, or other suitable material. The snap mechanical contacts of signal terminal 1051 and reference terminal 1052 are on backing 1054. These snap mechanical contacts permit electrode assembly 1050 to be removable from the support structure. Signal terminal 1051 and reference terminal 1052 are electrically connected with wire stubs 1091, 1092 that go through suitable openings in backing 1054.

Electrode assembly 1050 further includes a cover 1061 that can be as described for cover 961. Backing 1054, together with cover 1061, completely surround pillow structure 1056.

In FIG. 10 the various components have been drawn with their appropriate relationships. To improve clarity, space has been added between the components that might not be there in actual embodiments. For example, wire stub 1091 can be shorter, and inner conductor 1053 may be touching backing 1054. Moreover, electrostatic shield 1055 might be attached to inner conductor 1053 and backing 1054, with wire stub 1092 being accordingly shorter. Pillow structure 1056 might be much larger, pushing moisture barrier onto inner conductor 1053 and against electrode 1059, while uniformly stretching cover 1061. In fact, while inside the cover, pillow structure 1056 might be somewhat compressed compared to, say, how pillow structure 456 is shown in FIG. 4B.

Referring to FIG. 11A, some components 1150 are shown according to embodiments, which can be the components of electrode assembly 350. Components 1150 include an electrode 1159 that can be as described for electrode 459, a signal terminal 1151 that can be as described for signal terminal 451, and a moisture barrier 1157 that can be as described for moisture barrier 757.

FIG. 11B is a top view of the main surface of electrode 1159. It will be observed that electrode 1159 has holes or pores 1163. If moisture barrier 1157 is indeed provided, it can cause moisture to be generated from the skin as described above, which holes 1163 can capture.

Unlike with FIG. 7, components 1150 do not include a pillow structure, although it could. However, components 1150 may include other features that were already described, for example an electrostatic shield 1255 as shown in FIG. 12 for electrode assembly components 1250, a cover 1361 as shown in FIG. 13 for electrode assembly components 1350, and so on.

Referring to FIG. 14, some components 1450 are shown according to embodiments, which can be the components of electrode assembly 350. Components 1450 include electrode 1459 that can be as described for an electrode 459, a signal terminal 1451 that can be as described for signal terminal 451, and an electrostatic shield 1455 that can be as described for electrostatic shield 855.

Unlike with FIG. 8, components 1450 do not include a pillow structure. However, components 1150 may include other features that were already described, for example a reference terminal 1552 as shown in FIG. 15 for electrode assembly components 1550, and so on.

A person skilled in the art will be able to practice the present invention in view of this description, which is to be taken as a whole. Details have been included to provide a thorough understanding. In other instances, well-known aspects have not been described, in order to not obscure unnecessarily this description. Plus, any reference to any prior art in this description is not, and should not be taken as, an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that such prior art forms parts of the common general knowledge in any country or any art.

This description includes one or more examples, but this fact does not limit how the invention may be practiced. Indeed, examples, instances, versions or embodiments of the invention may be practiced according to what is described, or yet differently, and also in conjunction with other present or future technologies. Other such embodiments include combinations and sub-combinations of features described herein, including for example, embodiments that are equivalent to the following: providing or applying a feature in a different order than in a described embodiment; extracting an individual feature from one embodiment and inserting such feature into another embodiment; removing one or more features from an embodiment; or both removing a feature from an embodiment and adding a feature extracted from another embodiment, while providing the features incorporated in such combinations and sub-combinations.

In this document, the phrases “constructed to” and/or “configured to” denote one or more actual states of construction and/or configuration that is fundamentally tied to physical characteristics of the element or feature preceding these phrases and, as such, reach well beyond merely describing an intended use. Any such elements or features can be implemented in a number of ways, as will be apparent to a person skilled in the art after reviewing the present disclosure, beyond any examples shown in this document.

Any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. patent applications, whether mentioned in this document or in an Application Data Sheet (ADS) of this patent application, are hereby incorporated by reference herein, including any priority claims made in those applications and any material incorporated by reference, to the extent such subject matter is not inconsistent herewith.

In this description a single reference numeral may be used consistently to denote a single aspect, component, or process. Moreover, a further effort may have been made in the drafting of this description to choose similar though not identical reference numerals to denote versions or embodiments of an aspect, component or process that are the same or possibly different. Where made, such a further effort was not required, but was nevertheless made gratuitously to accelerate comprehension by the reader. Even where made in this document, such an effort might not have been made completely consistently throughout the many versions or embodiments that are made possible by this description. Accordingly, the description controls. Any similarity in reference numerals may be used to confirm a similarity in the text, or even possibly a similarity where express text is absent, but not to confuse aspects where the text or the context indicates otherwise.

The claims of this document define certain combinations and subcombinations of elements, features and steps or operations, which are regarded as novel and non-obvious. Additional claims for other such combinations and subcombinations may be presented in this or a related document. These claims are intended to encompass within their scope all changes and modifications that are within the true spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein. The terms used herein, including in the claims, are generally intended as “open” terms. For example, the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” etc. If a specific number is ascribed to a claim recitation, this number is a minimum but not a maximum unless stated otherwise. For example, where a claim recites “a” component or “an” item, it means that it can have one or more of this component or item. 

1. A Wearable Cardiac Defibrillator (WCD) system, comprising: a support structure configured to be worn by a patient, the support structure dimensioned relative to a body of the patient to be so worn with nonzero internal tension that causes nonzero pressure to be exerted onto the body; an electronics module configured to be coupled to the support structure; a conductive electrode configured to be coupled to the support structure so that the electrode remains pressed against the body due to the nonzero pressure when the support structure is so worn, the electrode flexible enough so as to acquire a first shape due to being subjected to the nonzero pressure when the support structure is so worn, but a second shape different from the first shape if the electrode alone is deposited on a flat level surface without the electrode being subjected to an external pressure; and a signal conductor configured to couple electronically the electronics module and the electrode when the electronics module is coupled to the support structure and the support structure is so worn. 2-11. (canceled)
 12. A Wearable Cardiac Defibrillator (WCD) system, comprising: a support structure configured to be worn by a patient, the support structure dimensioned relative to a body of the patient to be so worn with nonzero internal tension that causes nonzero pressure to be exerted onto the body; an electronics module configured to be coupled to the support structure; an electrode assembly configured to be coupled to the support structure so that the electrode assembly remains pressed against the body due to the nonzero pressure when the support structure is so worn, the electrode assembly including an electrode, a signal terminal electrically coupled to the electrode, and a pillow structure between the electrode and the signal terminal, the pillow structure flexible enough so as to acquire a first shape due to electrode assembly being subjected to the nonzero pressure when the support structure is so worn, but a second shape different from the first shape if the pillow structure alone is deposited on a flat level surface without the pillow structure being subjected to an external pressure; and a signal conductor configured to couple electronically the electronics module and the signal terminal when the electronics module is coupled to the support structure and the support structure is so worn.
 13. The WCD system of claim 12, in which the electrode has a main surface with an average thickness measured in a direction perpendicular to the main surface of less than 4 mm.
 14. The WCD system of claim 12, in which the electrode has a main surface with an average thickness measured in a direction perpendicular to the main surface of less than 2 mm.
 15. The WCD system of claim 12, in which the electrode includes a metal foil.
 16. The WCD system of claim 12, in which the electrode includes a material that includes silicone.
 17. The WCD system of claim 12, in which the electrode includes a material that includes a conductive silicone rubber.
 18. The WCD system of claim 12, in which the electrode includes a material that includes a conductive silicone rubber that contains one of carbon, carbon nanotubes, particles of a metal, and metal nanoparticles.
 19. The WCD system of claim 12, in which the electrode includes a material that includes polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) silicone rubber.
 20. The WCD system of claim 12, in which the electrode has a main surface that has holes.
 21. The WCD system of claim 12, in which the signal terminal is part of an electro-mechanical connector.
 22. The WCD system of claim 12, in which the signal terminal is part of a snap mechanical contact.
 23. The WCD system of claim 12, in which the first shape is a squeezed version of the second shape.
 24. The WCD system of claim 12, in which the pillow structure includes a piece of a foam.
 25. The WCD system of claim 12, in which the pillow structure includes a pouch filled with a fluid.
 26. The WCD system of claim 12, in which the pillow structure includes a pouch filled with air.
 27. The WCD system of claim 12, in which the electrode assembly further includes a flexible inner conductor that flexes when the pillow structure transitions from the first shape to the second shape, and the signal terminal is electrically coupled to the electrode via the flexible inner conductor.
 28. The WCD system of claim 27, in which the flexible inner conductor includes a fabric that is coated with a metal.
 29. The WCD system of claim 27, in which the flexible inner conductor includes a fabric that is coated with silver.
 30. The WCD system of claim 27, in which the flexible inner conductor includes a fabric that is adhered to the electrode via a conductive adhesive.
 31. The WCD system of claim 27, in which the flexible inner conductor includes a fabric that is adhered to the electrode via a conductive double-sided pressure sensitive adhesive.
 32. The WCD system of claim 27, in which the flexible inner conductor includes a conductive fabric that is overmolded with the electrode.
 33. The WCD system of claim 12, in which the electrode assembly further includes, between the electrode and the signal terminal, a moisture barrier.
 34. The WCD system of claim 33, in which the moisture barrier is between the electrode and the pillow structure.
 35. The WCD system of claim 33, in which the electrode has a main surface that has holes.
 36. The WCD system of claim 33, in which the moisture barrier is between the electrode and the pillow structure. the electrode has a main surface that has holes.
 37. The WCD system of claim 12, in which the electrode assembly further includes an electrostatic shield between the signal terminal and the electrode.
 38. The WCD system of claim 37, in which the electrostatic shield includes a metal foil encased in a tape.
 39. The WCD system of claim 12, in which the electrode assembly further includes a cover that surrounds the pillow structure at least in part.
 40. The WCD system of claim 39, in which the cover is flexible and flexes when the pillow structure transitions from the first shape to the second shape.
 41. The WCD system of claim 39, in which the cover surrounds the pillow structure completely.
 42. The WCD system of claim 39, in which the electrode assembly further includes a backing which, together with the cover, completely surround the pillow structure.
 43. A standalone electrode assembly configured for use with a Wearable Cardiac Defibrillator (WCD) system, the WCD system including a support structure configured to be worn by a patient while exerting nonzero pressure to a body of the patient, an electronics module configured to be coupled to the support structure, and a signal conductor having a first end terminating in a first electro-mechanical connector and a second end configured to be coupled electronically to the electronics module, the standalone electrode assembly comprising: an electrode; a signal terminal that is electrically coupled to the electrode and is part of a second electro-mechanical connector that can match matingly the first electro-mechanical connector; and a pillow structure between the electrode and the signal terminal, and in which the electrode assembly is configured to be coupled to the support structure so that the electrode assembly remains pressed against the body due to the nonzero pressure when the support structure is so worn, and the pillow structure is flexible enough so as to acquire a first shape due to electrode assembly being subjected to the nonzero pressure when the support structure is so worn, but a second shape different from the first shape if the pillow structure alone is deposited on a flat level surface without the pillow structure being subjected to an external pressure. 44-105. (canceled) 